觀照身心的無常,如同觀察陌生人(莫哥西亞多開示錄)


更新:西元 2025-01-16


特別聲明:本篇文章尚未完全校對妥當;疏漏錯繆難免,讀者應慎思明辨。僅供法友參考;並祈藉此拋磚引玉,眾法友能共襄盛舉,共同圓滿此譯事。 Nanda 謹識。


Observe the Impermanence of Mind-Body as a Stranger

1st March 1959

If you can discern the impermanence of the refined mind‐body, then you have the three wholesome roots (Tihetuka=i.e., non‐greed, non‐hatred and non‐delusion). In this life you can realize Nibbāna. If you are two rooted (without non‐delusion) you can’t realize it. (But still the yogi should not give up his/her practice and practice regularly for their whole life for the root of wisdom to grow. It will bring great benefits to him/her daily life and at the time of dying.) This is an important point. I will make the decision for you. Don't go and ask for anyone. Don't give up your effort and try to practice regularly. Making the decision by practicing is the best right way. If you pray for Nibbāna, I can’t take the responsibility for you. (This is a very important point for Buddhist and non‐Buddhist.) If you see anicca, I take the responsibility. There were references in the Pali Discourses. The Buddha also said it in the Dhammapada. If you get the Yathābhūta Ñāṇa or Udayabbaya Ñāṇa (both mean seeing impermanence), then it's for sure (But need to practice hard.)(Sayadaw showed an example of seeing anicca by scratching on the hand downwardly with a fingernail. The yogi will know the sensations are arising and passing away by following one by one.). If you see them as a shape or form, you see it very coarsely. Seeing the mind and form (nāma‐rūpa) arising and passing away, then you see its refinement. Only ñāṇa can penetrate the refinement. You can’t see it with the eye. Then you have the right view. It's yathābhūta ñāṇa. See with the five path factors (maggaṅga). Mind and form are changing because it's not mine. If you take it as mine then there is no one crazier than that. Don't confuse with the I‐ness in the impermanent nature. Taking something not existing as mine is also not a worldly usage. If it's not yours then it is a stranger. Therefore, Sāriputta said it was a stranger (prato) and contemplated as a stranger. Mind and form phenomena are changing accordingly to their own nature. And if you take that as nothing to do with you then you are seeing it as a stranger. It's equivalent to prato. If you view mind and form as a stranger, it's right view. Because craving, clinging and action are cutting off (see the 12‐links of Dependent Arising). They are born together. Do they follow the desire of the mind? It doesn't follow. They are arising and passing away according to their nature. If you want to arrive Nibbāna and they are strangers to you. So observing them as strangers will arrive there.

觀察身心的無常,如同觀察陌生人

1959年3月1日

若你能洞察細緻的身心(nāma-rūpa)的無常(anicca),這表示你具備了三善根(Tihetuka),即:無貪(non-greed)、無瞋(non-hatred)與無痴(non-delusion)。具備這三善根,在此生中便有可能證悟涅槃(Nibbāna)。

如果你只有雙根(缺少無痴善根),你將無法在此生證悟涅槃。但即便如此,禪修者也絕不應放棄修行,應當一生規律地修習。透過長期修行,智慧的善根會逐漸生起,這將帶來日常生活與臨終時的巨大利益。這一點至關重要,我要替你們作出決定:不要問他人,繼續努力修行。

實修並作出決定才是正道。若你只是祈求涅槃,我無法為你負責。但若你見到無常(anicca),我便可以替你負責。這一點在巴利經典中有明確的記載,佛陀也在《法句經》(Dhammapada)中說過:

當你證得如實知見(Yathābhūta Ñāṇa)或生滅智(Udayabbaya Ñāṇa,即洞察無常),便是確定無疑的(但這需要精進努力的修行)。

如何洞察無常?

摩谷尊者給出了一個簡單的例子:

  • 用手指甲在手掌上輕輕劃下去,你會感覺到觸覺的生起與消失。這種現象的即起即滅,便是無常的展現。

若你看到的是「形狀」或「外在的形式」,那麼你的觀察仍然非常粗糙。唯有洞察心法與色法的生滅變化,才能看到它們的細緻本質。

如何達到正見?

只有智慧(ñāṇa)能穿透這種細緻的變化,你無法用肉眼看見。

  • 當你看到身心的生滅,並了悟:「這不是我,也不是我的」,那麼你便具足了正見(yathābhūta ñāṇa)。
  • 此時,你是以五道支(maggaṅga,正見、正思維、正語、正業、正命)來觀察身心。

把身心視為「陌生人」

身心的變化,完全依照它們的本質,持續地生起與消失。若你將它們視為我的,那麼再也沒有人比你更癡狂了。

舍利弗尊者說:「這是陌生人(prato)」,應當將它們視為外在的、不相關的現象來觀察。身心的現象會根據自身的本性變化,與你毫無關聯。如果你能這樣觀察,便會生起正見:

  • 此時,渴愛(taṇhā)、執取(upādāna)與業(kamma)便會被斷除,這是十二因緣的根本斷滅。

身心的生滅,並不依照你的意志而變化,它們只是按照自己的本性運行。如果你想要到達涅槃,必須將這些身心現象視為陌生人,這樣觀察下去,便能到達涅槃的彼岸。

修行重點

  1. 洞察無常:觀察身心的生起與消失,從粗糙逐漸深入細緻,證得如實知見。

  2. 正見的智慧:

    ◦ 身心的變化並非「我」或「我的」。

    ◦ 將身心視為「陌生人」,觀察它們的生滅變化,而不生起執取。

  3. 斷除十二因緣的根本:觀察身心的本質,斷除渴愛、執取與業的延續。

  4. 堅持修行:無論善根深淺,唯有透過長期規律的修行,智慧才能逐步生起,走向涅槃。

結論

將身心視為「陌生人」來觀察,便能洞察它們的無常、苦與無我本質。當你這樣觀察時,便會逐漸斷除執著,進而走向涅槃——那個不再變化、究竟安穩的彼岸。

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觀照心身的無常如陌生人

1959年3月1日

如果你能辨別精細身心之無常,那麼你就有了三善根(Tihetuka=即無貪、無瞋、無癡)。今生可以證得涅槃。如果你只有兩個根(沒有無癡),你就無法證得它。(但修行者仍不應放棄修行,應終生定期修行,以使智慧的根成長。這將給他/她帶來巨大的日常利益和臨終利益。)這是一個重要的點。我會為你做出決定。不要去問別人。不要放棄努力,努力定期修行。通過修行做出決定是最好的正確方式。如果你祈求涅槃,我無法為你負責。(這對佛教徒和非佛教徒來說都是一個非常重要的觀點。)如果你看到無常,我負責。巴利經典中有提及。佛陀也在《法句經》中說過。如果你獲得了如實知或生滅智(兩者都意味著看到無常),那麼這是肯定的(但需要努力修行)。(師父以用指甲向下劃手來展示看無常的例子。瑜伽士會知道感受一個接一個地生起和滅去。)如果你將它們視為形狀或形式,那麼你看到的就很粗糙。看到心和色(nāma-rūpa)生起和滅去,你就看到了它的精細。只有ñāṇa才能穿透精細。你不能用眼睛看到它。然後你就有了正見。這是如實知。以五道支(maggaṅga)觀看。心和色在變化,因為它不是我的。如果你把它當作我的,那麼就沒有比那更瘋狂的了。不要將自我混淆於無常性。將不存在的東西視為自己的,也不是世俗的用法。如果它不是你的,那麼它就是一個陌生人。因此,舍利弗說它是一個陌生人(prato),並以陌生人的身份觀照。心和色現象是按照自己的本性變化的。如果你認為這與你無關,那麼你就把它看作一個陌生人。這相當於prato。如果你將心和色視為陌生人,那就是正見。因為貪婪、執著和行為被切斷了(見十二因緣法)。它們一起誕生。它們是否遵循心的欲望?它不遵循。它們按照自己的本性生起和滅去。如果你想到達涅槃,它們對你來說是陌生人。所以,把他們當作陌生人觀察,就會到達那裡。

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You all had been to the painful existences before which were the results of taking the strangers as your relatives. The big hell cauldrons with a lot of fire were the outcome of your thinking and doing which made them appear. If you want to build the hells just build it from here. Want to destroy it also from here. People afraid of hells but they build it from here. Are hells frightening or wrong view? You have to cure wrong view. Wrong view will lead to painful rebirths. Right view is to Nibbāna. On the day you have right view, the doors to painful rebirths are closed. The causes to painful rebirths and free from it are depending on the wrong and right views. You only have these two ways. If you see them as in shapes of forms it is wrong view, but seeing as arising here and disappearing here is right view. You are seeing the refined phenomena. Seeing as shapes or forms is samatha. Seeing the refinement is vipassanā. They are so‐called conceptual view versus actual view (paññatti and paramatā views); the coarse view versus the refined view.

你們過去曾墮入痛苦的惡趣(painful existences),這都是因為將外在的陌生事物誤認為「親屬」或「我所有的」。那些充滿火焰的地獄大鍋,都是你自己錯誤的思維與行為所造成的。若你想要建造地獄,便從此時此地開始;若你想要摧毀地獄,同樣也必須從這裡開始。

人們雖然害怕地獄,但他們卻親手建造了地獄。因此,地獄的可怕並不是關鍵,真正可怕的是邪見(wrong view)。必須治癒邪見,因為邪見會導致你墮入痛苦的再生(rebirths)。

邪見與正見

  • 邪見(micchā-diṭṭhi):導向痛苦的惡趣。
  • 正見(sammā-diṭṭhi):導向涅槃(Nibbāna)。

當你生起正見的那一天,通往痛苦再生的門便會關閉。因此,墮入痛苦的原因,或解脫痛苦的途徑,皆取決於你的邪見或正見。你只有這兩條道路可選擇:

  1. 若你將現象視為形狀或外在形式(shapes or forms),這便是邪見,是粗糙的觀察。
  2. 若你見到現象是此處生起、此處消失(arising here and disappearing here),這便是正見,是細緻的觀察。

粗糙與細緻的觀察

  1. 觀察形狀或形式 → 這是止禪(samatha),屬於概念觀(paññatti view)。
  2. 觀察現象的生滅 → 這是觀禪(vipassanā),屬於實相觀(paramattha view)。
  • 概念觀(paññatti):粗糙的觀察,依然停留於「形狀」或「名稱」之上。
  • 實相觀(paramattha):細緻的觀察,洞察事物的本質,即無常(anicca)、苦(dukkha)、無我(anatta)。

修行要點

  1. 摧毀地獄:從當下的心與行為開始,透過修習正見,根除邪見。

  2. 建立正見:

    ◦ 見到現象的生起與消失(arising and vanishing)。

    ◦ 不執著於形狀與形式,而是洞察現象的無常與變化。

  3. 粗與細的區別:

    ◦ 粗糙的觀察:概念化的形狀與名稱,屬於止禪。

    ◦ 細緻的觀察:現象的即起即滅,屬於觀禪,這是通向涅槃的道路。

結論

唯有透過正見,觀察身心現象的生滅,才能走向涅槃。若執著於形狀與形式,便會停留於邪見,繼續建造自己的地獄。因此,放下對「我」與「我的」的執取,透過觀察細緻的生滅現象,修習實相觀,這才是解脫之道。

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你們都曾經歷過痛苦的存在,這是將陌生人視為親人的結果。巨大的地獄大鍋,充滿烈火,是你們的思想和行為的產物,正是這些造成了它們的出現。如果你想建造地獄,就從這裡開始建造。想要摧毀它,也從這裡開始。人們害怕地獄,卻從這裡建造它。地獄可怕還是邪見可怕?你必須治愈邪見。邪見會導致痛苦的輪迴。正見是通往涅槃的道路。在你擁有正見的那一天,通往痛苦輪迴的大門就關閉了。痛苦輪迴的原因和解脫,取決於邪見和正見。你只有這兩種方式。如果你將它們視為形狀或形式,那就是邪見,但如果看到它們在這裡生起,在這裡消失,那就是正見。你正在看到精細的現象。看到形狀或形式是禪定。看到精細是觀慧。它們被稱為概念觀和實際觀(paññatti 和 paramatā 觀);粗糙觀和精細觀。

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(Sayadaw was playing a trick by asking a question to the audience. Sometimes Sayadaw's talks were humorous and penetrative.) To see as a stranger, what has to be observed? (And then some of them responded immediately.) It's one's own body. You see people are in troubles because of that. It seems that without me is nothing possible in life. All your parents taught you in this way. You have to observe mind and form as nothing to do with me. (And then Sayadaw was asking another question and answered by himself.) Whose mind and form it is? You will come again with the ME. If someone comes and hurts ME or MINE, you will become unbearable (even in speech). Even you can’t bear the hateful look which someone shows you. If it's a stranger, then no affection comes to be (you must understand why the Buddha mentioned craving—taṇhā is the cause of suffering.). There is also no clinging and action, so dependent Arising is cut off. If you make them as family members and it will continue. Sāriputta said that if you could observe impermanence as a stranger, it was the same as hitting the tip of a hair with an arrow (A beautiful Pali verse with a famous saying by him.)1 If you can observe impermanence in this way and arriving at this point, you understand anatta (not‐self). Because of the resultant body (vipāka vaṭṭa khandha=kammic body), this body still exists. In reality by seeing impermanence you see Nibbāna momentarily (This point is important for contemplation. There are profound meanings behind it.). Therefore, you have to see impermanence as a stranger, seeing its disenchantment and its ending, and then you will see the unchanging Nibbāna. This is Path Knowledge (maggañāṇaṁ).

摩谷尊者的幽默法談:觀察無常,如同觀察陌生人

在這場法談中,摩谷尊者(Sayadaw)透過提問與幽默,幫助聽眾深入理解法義。

法談內容

尊者故意提出一個問題:「要將什麼視為陌生人來觀察呢?」

部分聽眾立即回答:「自己的身體。」

尊者接著說道:

  • 人們之所以陷入種種苦惱,是因為對「我」的執著,認為沒有我,生活將無法進行。這種觀念從小由父母傳授給我們。
  • 你必須觀察身心(nāma-rūpa),將它們視為與我無關的事物,如同陌生人一樣。

接著尊者再次發問:「這身心是屬於誰的?」

  • 若你回答是「我的」,那麼你又回到「我」的執著中。如果有人傷害我或我的,無論是言語或行動,你都會無法忍受,甚至連他人一個憎恨的眼神都讓你受不了。

但若你將身心視為陌生人,便不會生起任何執著與愛染(taṇhā)。這是因為:

  • 無愛染便不會有執取(upādāna)。
  • 無執取便不會造作新的業(kamma)。
  • 依緣起法(Dependent Arising)的鏈條便會被截斷,輪迴便不再延續。

舍利弗尊者的比喻

舍利弗尊者曾說過:

「若能觀察無常如同觀察陌生人,那麼這份洞察便如同在一根頭髮的尖端射中一支箭一般精確。」

這句優美的巴利偈頌說明,觀察無常必須極其細緻,洞察其微細的生滅現象。

如何證悟非我(Anatta)?

  1. 觀察無常(anicca):

    ◦ 洞察身心的生滅,將它們視為無關的陌生人。

  2. 生起厭離(nibbidā):

    ◦ 對無常現象生起厭離心,認識到其本質是苦。

  3. 見到無常的終結:

    ◦ 當無常的生滅被徹底觀察時,身心的變化止息,涅槃便會瞬間顯現。

尊者強調:

  • 現象身(vipāka vaṭṭa khandha,即業報所生的五蘊)雖然仍然存在,但若你透過無常的觀察,便能剎那間見到涅槃。

  • 這一點非常重要,蘊含著深奧的法義:

    ◦ 當你見到無常的生滅,便能片刻體驗到不生不滅的涅槃。

觀察無常,證悟涅槃

  1. 觀察無常時,將它們視為「陌生人」,不要生起愛染或執取。
  2. 厭離這些無常現象,並觀察到它們的滅盡(ending)。
  3. 當一切生滅現象終止,不變的涅槃便會顯現。

這便是道智(maggañāṇaṁ)的現起,證悟涅槃的關鍵。

結論

  • 正見:將身心視為「陌生人」,觀察其無常、生滅,便能斷除愛染與執取。
  • 證悟非我:透過無常的洞察,便能了解「身心非我」,從而達到解脫。
  • 瞬間見涅槃:觀察到無常的終結,即可體驗那不變、究竟安穩的涅槃。

若能如此觀察身心,你便能超越輪迴,走向涅槃的光明之境。

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(師父用一個問題來戲弄觀眾,有時師父的談話既幽默又深刻。)要以陌生人的眼光來看待,需要觀察什麼?(然後有些人立即回答。)是自己的身體。你看到人們因此陷入困境。似乎沒有我,生活就什麼都做不了。你所有的父母都這樣教你。你必須觀察心和色,認為與我無關。(然後師父又問了一個問題,並自己回答。)那是誰的心和色?你會帶著“我”再次回來。如果有人傷害我或我的東西,你會無法忍受(即使在言語上)。你甚至無法忍受別人對你的仇恨目光。如果是陌生人,就不會有感情。也沒有執著和行為,所以緣起被切斷了。如果你把他們當作家人,它就會繼續。舍利弗說,如果你能以陌生人的眼光觀察無常,那就等於用箭射中一根頭髮(一句著名的巴利偈頌)。如果你能以這種方式觀察無常,到達這個點,你就理解了無我。由於業果體(vipāka vaṭṭa khandha=業力身),這個身體仍然存在。實際上,通過看到無常,你瞬間看到了涅槃(這一點對觀照很重要。它背後有著深刻的含義)。因此,你必須以陌生人的眼光看無常,看到它的厭離和結束,然後你會看到不變的涅槃。這是道智(maggañāṇaṁ)。


更新:西元 2025-01-16


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