四位阿羅漢與一位凡夫比丘(莫哥西亞多開示錄)


更新:西元 2025-01-15


特別聲明:本篇文章尚未完全校對妥當;疏漏錯繆難免,讀者應慎思明辨。僅供法友參考;並祈藉此拋磚引玉,眾法友能共襄盛舉,共同圓滿此譯事。 Nanda 謹識。


The Four Arahants and an Ordinary Monk

19th October 1961

The first arahant contemplated on the 6-contacts (phassa) (The 6‐sense objects contact with the 6‐sense doors). When the eyes meet the form feeling arises. Contact is phassa and feeling is vedanā. He contemplated their impermanence, became disenchantment and saw their ending. These 3-knowledge developed step by step.

四位阿羅漢與一位凡夫比丘

1961年10月19日

第一位阿羅漢的觀修方法:觀六觸處

  1. 六觸處(phassa)的觀照:

    ◦ 六根(眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意)接觸六塵(色、聲、香、味、觸、法)時,

觸(phassa)便生起。

  1. 觸生受(vedanā):

    ◦ 例如:當眼根接觸色塵時,

    ▪ 觸(phassa)生起,

    ▪ 隨之而來的是受(vedanā):樂受、苦受、捨受。

  2. 觀察無常:

    ◦ 他觀察「觸」與「受」的無常(anicca)。

    ◦ 覺知這些現象生起後必然滅去,不具任何常住性。

三種智慧的發展

透過觀察六觸處的生滅,三種智慧逐步發展:

  1. 知無常(anicca ñāṇa):

    ◦ 覺知觸與受皆是無常的,隨因緣生滅。

  2. 生厭離(nibbidā ñāṇa):

    ◦ 對無常的觸與受生起厭離心,

不再對它們執取或生起貪愛。

  1. 知其滅盡(nirodha ñāṇa):

    ◦ 最終,透過觀照,親證觸與受的滅盡,

也即斷除煩惱,證得涅槃。

修行的要點

  • 觀察六觸處(眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意的接觸),

  • 覺知它們生起、滅去的無常性,

  • 逐步發展三種智慧:

    1. 無常智
    2. 厭離智
    3. 滅盡智

這三種智慧的次第發展,使第一位阿羅漢證悟涅槃。

結論:

  1. 六觸處 是觀修的所緣,

    ◦ 它是觸生起的地方,

    ◦ 同時帶來受(樂、苦、捨)。

  2. 觀察觸與受的無常,能逐步達到:

    ◦ 知無常 → 生厭離 → 親證滅盡(涅槃)。

  3. 這是修行者從內觀智慧發展到究竟解脫的過程。

「觀六觸處的無常,生起厭離心,

最終斷除煩惱,證入涅槃。」

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四位阿羅漢與一位普通僧人

1961年10月19日

第一位阿羅漢觀照六觸(phassa)(六根與六塵接觸)。當眼睛遇到色,便生起感受。接觸是phassa,感受是vedanā。他觀照它們的無常,生起厭離心,並見其滅盡。這三種智見逐步發展。

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The second arahant contemplated the 5‐khandhas and seeing impermanence (anicca). (In the same way as above developed three stages, with the ending of anicca and realized Nibbāna) The third arahant contemplated the 4‐great elements and realized Nibbāna. The fourth arahant contemplated whatever arising as impermanence. Seeing impermanence is yathābhūta ñāṇa (the knowledge of seeing as it is), disenchantment is nibbidā ñāṇa and after penetrated it as dukkha sacca, the Path Knowledge arises and seeing Nibbāna.

第二位阿羅漢觀察五蘊,見到無常(anicca)。(同樣經歷上述三個階段,直至無常的終結,證得涅槃。)第三位阿羅漢觀察四大元素,證得涅槃。第四位阿羅漢觀察一切生起之法皆是無常。見到無常即是如實知見智(yathābhūta ñāṇa),對之生起厭離即是厭離智(nibbidā ñāṇa),並洞察其為苦諦(dukkha sacca)後,便生起道智,見到涅槃。

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第二位阿羅漢觀照五蘊,見其無常。(與上述相同,經過三個階段,以無常之滅盡而證得涅槃。)第三位阿羅漢觀照四大地,證得涅槃。第四位阿羅漢觀照一切生起法皆為無常。見無常即如實知(yathābhūta ñāṇa),厭離心即離欲知(nibbidā ñāṇa),深入苦諦後,道智生起,見得涅槃。

A worldly monk came to the first arahant and asked him how he realized Nibbāna. Contemplate the impermanence of the 6‐kinds of contact will realize Nibbāna. He went to the second arahant and asked the same question. He said to him; "You have the right view. Right view is Nibbāna. Tell me what to contemplate to get Nibbāna right view." The monk gave the answer of his experience. The difference between them was the object numbers of 6 and 5. So it dissatisfied him. Both of them were talking about contemplation of impermanence. He did not take the main point of contemplation of anicca, only aware of the 6 and 5 numbers of differences. And then went to the 3rd arahant and asked the same question. It's like give a talk to a mathematician. After the 3rd arahant he went to the 4th and asked the same question. He was even worse and only talked about anicca. The worldly monk was dissatisfied with all the answers. He could not take the point. They were all talking about the important of seeing impermanence and not the numbers of 6, 5, 4, 1. The dissatisfaction came from following or chasing the numbers. The main point is impermanence. Have to follow the anicca, dukkha, anatta and dukkha sacca. Nibbāna is only one. Don't be confused. There are 12‐links of Dependent Arising but at the end of each one of the link only impermanence exists. Catch hold of this point. The arising and passing away is the Real Way to Nibbāna. Whatever the teachers are talking about the decision to arrive Nibbāna is impossible without seeing anicca. So don't make any accusation to anyone. Their teachings are also right (may be Sayadaw referred to the systems existed in his time). There are differences without holding the main point of impermanence. Dhamma without impermanence will not arrive at Nibbāna. Make this point clear. If you discern impermanence it's right dhamma. Start from impermanence. Masters in the Tipiṭaka also start from anicca. After that the monk went to ask the Buddha. The differences were only on the way of practice. The Buddha explained with a simile. Dependent on the seasons the riddle tree (in Burmese Pauk tree) has different forms. During flowering season it's red. During bearing fruits season like an acacia tree, etc. (SN 35. 245, Kiṃsukopamasutta, The Riddle Tree) There are 5‐khandhas. Have to contemplate all the five or their impermanent nature? The Buddha talked for not going wrong. It's important to follow the root and not each of them. Following whatever dhamma arising and they will teach you. They will tell you the Truth, "I am not here anymore", "I am not here anymore". When it is said "not there" by following with nodding your head, in this way, craving, conceit, wrong view (taṇhā, māna, diṭṭhi) or the papañca dhamma (proliferation) cannot come in. Impermanence is calling you Ehi‐passiko—come and contemplate me. Sandiṭṭhiko—you have to follow it by direct experience. The arising dhamma is Ehi‐passiko and the contemplative mind is Sandiṭṭhiko. People are suffered for not following the dhamma calling. Dhamma is calling you and also disappearing. It's something like someone is drowning and at the same time looking for water.

一位世俗比丘來到第一位阿羅漢那裡,問他如何證得涅槃。阿羅漢告訴他:「觀察六觸的無常便能證得涅槃。」接著他又去問第二位阿羅漢相同的問題。第二位阿羅漢告訴他:「你已經具足正見,正見就是涅槃。告訴我,應該觀察什麼才能獲得涅槃的正見?」這位阿羅漢分享了自己的體驗,然而,兩者的差別只在於所觀察的對象數量——六與五。因此,這位世俗比丘感到不滿意,因為他只注意到「六」和「五」的數字差異,而忽略了兩者都在講述「觀察無常」這一主要要點。

他接著去找第三位阿羅漢,問了同樣的問題,情況就像與一位數學家進行討論一樣。他再去請教第四位阿羅漢,結果更糟糕,這位阿羅漢只談論了無常(anicca)。這位世俗比丘對所有的答案都不滿意,因為他無法領悟重點。他們全都在強調見到無常的重要性,而非六、五、四、一這些數字的差異。不滿意的根本原因在於執著於數字,而非跟隨「無常、苦、無我」與「苦諦」(dukkha sacca)。涅槃只有一個,不要被混淆。

依緣起有十二支,但每一支的終點皆是無常。必須牢牢把握這一點——生起與滅去才是通往涅槃的真實之道。無論老師們如何教導,若未見到無常,證得涅槃是不可能的。因此,不要對任何人做出指責。他們的教導也是正確的(這裡可能是指當時存在的各種修行系統)。差異存在的原因在於未抓住「無常」這一核心要點。沒有無常的法,不會通向涅槃。請記住這一點。如果你洞察到無常,那就是正法。一切都從無常開始。三藏中的導師們也是從無常開始的。

這位比丘最後去請教佛陀。佛陀用一個譬喻進行解釋:依季節而異,謎樹(在緬甸稱為Pauk樹)呈現不同的形態。花開之時,樹色為紅;結果之時,形如金合歡樹等(雜阿含經35.245,謎樹譬喻經)。五蘊之法,你應該觀察五蘊本身,還是觀察它們的無常?佛陀的教導是為了避免走錯路。關鍵是要抓住根本,而非執著於個別現象。隨順每一個當下生起的法,它們會引導你,並告訴你真理:「我不再存在了」、「我不再存在了。」

當「不在了」這個真相顯現時,若能隨順而生起觀察,如此一來,渴愛(taṇhā)、慢心(māna)、邪見(diṭṭhi)或增盛法(papañca dhamma,即心的散亂增盛)便無法侵入。無常在呼喚你:「Ehi-passiko——來吧,來觀察我!」你必須以直接經驗跟隨它(Sandiṭṭhiko)。當法生起時,便是Ehi-passiko(來觀察我),而觀察的心則是Sandiṭṭhiko(直接見到它)。

人們之所以受苦,是因為未跟隨法的呼喚。法在呼喚你,然而它也在消逝。這就像一個正在溺水的人,卻在水中尋找水一般。

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一位俗人僧人向第一位阿羅漢詢問如何證得涅槃。阿羅漢回答:觀照六種觸的無常,即可證得涅槃。僧人又向第二位阿羅漢詢問相同的問題。第二位阿羅漢說:「你有正見,正見即涅槃。告訴我,觀照什麼才能獲得涅槃的正見。」僧人回答了他的經驗。兩者之間的差異在於對象的數量,六與五。這使他感到不滿。兩位阿羅漢都在談論觀照無常,但他沒有抓住觀照無常的主旨,只注意到六與五的數量差異。

然後,他向第三位阿羅漢詢問相同的問題,這就像對數學家講解一樣。之後,他又向第四位阿羅漢詢問相同的問題。第四位阿羅漢的回答更糟,只談論無常。俗人僧人對所有回答都不滿意。他無法抓住重點。他們都在談論見無常的重要性,而非六、五、四、一的數量。不滿來自於追逐數字。

重點在於無常。必須追隨無常、苦、無我、苦諦。涅槃只有一個。不要困惑。有十二因緣,但每一個因緣的終點只有無常存在。抓住這個重點。生起與滅去是通往涅槃的真實道路。無論老師們談論什麼,若不見到無常,就不可能到達涅槃。所以不要指責任何人。他們的教法也是正確的(可能師父指的是他那個時代存在的系統)。存在差異,但不抓住無常的主旨。沒有無常的法無法到達涅槃。要明確這個重點。

若能辨別無常,即為正法。從無常開始。經典中的大師們也從無常開始。之後,僧人去問佛陀。差異僅在於修行的途徑。佛陀以譬喻解釋。依季節不同,謎樹(緬甸語Pauk樹)有不同的形態。開花季節時,它像紅樹;結果季節時,像相思樹等。(《中部經》35.245,《謎樹經》)

有五蘊。必須觀照全部五蘊或其無常性?佛陀說不要走錯路。重要的是追隨根源,而非每個細節。追隨每個生起法,它們會教你。它們會告訴你真相:「我不再存在」、「我不再存在」。當說「不存在」時,以點頭隨之,如此,貪欲、我慢、邪見(taṇhā、māna、diṭṭhi)或繁雜法(papañca dhamma)無法生起。無常呼喚你Ehi-passiko——來觀照我。Sandiṭṭhiko——你必須直接體驗。生起法是Ehi-passiko,觀照心是Sandiṭṭhiko。人們之所以痛苦,是因為不追隨法的呼喚。法呼喚你,也同時消失。這就像一個人溺水,同時也在尋找水。

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Here also the same. If you have khandhas and also have impermanence, you have to blame yourself for not having the Seeing Eye. The teacher needs to fix the eye for you. Don't look for dhamma, but for a teacher who can fix the eye for you. People are asking for dhamma, it is quite difficult for me because the body is dhamma. The 5‐khandhas divided by Satipaṭṭhāna become 4‐Satipaṭṭhāna. Āyatana, dhātu … etc., all are including in these 4. This is the dhamma taught by every Buddha. It looks like herding for 4‐cows. Form, feeling, mind whatever you are contemplating try to discern anicca. All of them are converging at anicca. Therefore, don't be too many dhammas. Although the Buddha entered Nibbāna he left 3‐cups of medicines behind, anicca, dukkha and anatta medicines. Contemplate anicca more and more and become mature and then anicca become Truth of Dukkha. At first you are seeing impermanence. After maturing it become disenchantment. At last, arriving at the most mature stage you can make a decision that it's truly dukkha sacca. And then all are ended, and here is not changing. The mind becomes sharp. Why it becomes sharp? By sharpening a knife, there are beginning, middle and the end stages. Which stage is sharper? All three stages are the same knife. The mind process is also in this way. Just observe. Fulfillment of perfection (pāramī) is not like a bucket overflow with water. It's talking about the mind (ñāṇa) becomes sharp. Therefore, your duty is like sharpening a knife. Continue to sharpen the mind. The first sharpening kills the active defilement (kilesas). The second one kills the defilement arising from the mind. The most sharpened one kills the latent defilement (anusaya). It's the knife can kill all the 3‐types of kilesas. Whatever contemplation is, just see anicca.

同樣地,如果你擁有五蘊(khandhas),且見到無常(anicca),但未能真正洞察,那麼應該責備自己沒有見法之眼(Seeing Eye)。這時,必須尋找一位能為你「修復眼睛」的老師。不要尋求法,而是尋找能幫助你見法的老師。人們總是在尋求法,但這對我來說很困難,因為身體本身就是法。

五蘊透過四念處(Satipaṭṭhāna)的觀察,便成為四念處。處所(āyatana)、界(dhātu)等,都包含在這四念處之中。這是每一位佛陀所教導的法。它就像牧養四頭牛一樣——色、受、心,無論你在觀察什麼,都要努力洞察無常。所有的觀察最終都會趨向無常。因此,不要執著於過多的法門。

雖然佛陀已入涅槃,但他留下了三杯「藥」:無常(anicca)、苦(dukkha)與無我(anatta)。努力多加觀察無常,當觀察成熟時,無常便會轉化為苦的真理(Dukkha Sacca)。起初,你只是看到無常,隨著觀察的成熟,便生起厭離(nibbidā);最後,當達到最成熟的階段,你將能確定:「這確實是苦諦。」在那裡,一切便結束了——「此處」再無變化,心變得銳利且堅定。

為什麼心會變得銳利?就像磨利一把刀一樣,過程分為初、中、後三個階段。哪一個階段的刀更銳利呢?其實三個階段都是同一把刀。同樣地,心的過程亦是如此,只需觀察即可。波羅蜜(pāramī)的成就,並非如水滿溢於桶中那般,而是指智慧之心(ñāṇa)變得銳利。因此,你的任務就像磨利一把刀一般,不斷地磨鍊心智。

第一次的磨鍊,斷除現行煩惱(kilesa);第二次的磨鍊,斷除心中生起的煩惱;而最鋒利的階段,則斷除潛在煩惱(anusaya)。這把「刀」能斬斷所有三種煩惱。無論你在進行何種觀察,只需專注於見到無常即可。

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同樣地,若你有五蘊,也有無常,則應怪罪自己沒有慧眼。老師需要為你修正眼。不要尋找法,而要尋找能為你修正眼的老師。人們要求法,這對我來說相當困難,因為身體即法。五蘊被四念處劃分,成為四念處。六處、十八界等,皆包含於此四者之中。這是每一位佛陀所教導的法。這就像牧養四頭牛。無論觀照色、受、心,皆試著辨別無常。所有法皆匯聚於無常。因此,不要執著於太多法。

雖然佛陀入涅槃,但留下了三杯藥:無常、苦、無我。愈加觀照無常,便愈成熟,而無常則成為苦諦的真理。起初,你見無常。成熟後,生起厭離心。最後,到達最成熟的階段,你便能決定,此確實是苦諦。然後,一切終結,不再改變。心變得敏銳。為何變得敏銳?磨刀有開始、中間、結束三個階段。哪個階段更銳利?三個階段皆是同一把刀。心的過程亦是如此。僅需觀照。

圓滿波羅蜜(pāramī)並非如水桶溢滿。而是指心(ñāṇa)變得敏銳。因此,你的職責就像磨刀。持續磨利心。第一次磨利,殺死現行煩惱(kilesas)。第二次磨利,殺死心生煩惱。最銳利的一次,殺死潛伏煩惱(anusaya)。這把刀能殺死三種煩惱。無論觀照什麼,皆見無常。


更新:西元 2025-01-15


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