緣起的延續(莫哥西亞多開示錄)
更新:西元 2025-01-15
特別聲明:本篇文章尚未完全校對妥當;疏漏錯繆難免,讀者應慎思明辨。僅供法友參考;並祈藉此拋磚引玉,眾法友能共襄盛舉,共同圓滿此譯事。 Nanda 謹識。
The Continuation of Dependent Arising
15th November 1960
This body is the continuation of dependent arising from the 6‐sense doors. If you know the arising phenomena, you will dispel the view of annihilation. If you see the disappearing of phenomena, you dispel the stability view of permanence, and know that the results are coming from the causes, then dispel the view of annihilation. With the understanding of the arising and passing away phenomena of dependent arising and wrong views fall away. After dispelling wrong view and practice you will appreciate its impermanent nature. This is also in the middle way. The middle way is the Noble Eightfold Path. As U Tan Daing's saying (later became one of his closed disciples), "It happened by itself and gone by itself", seems like a not‐self nature. It's still a colloquial language with wrong view (i.e. without causes). The usage by one who has dispelled wrong view is that causes are passing away and also the results are. The causes are arising and so do the results are. Then it clears up views of permanence and annihilation. Arising by causes and passing way by causes is on the middle way. Contemplation without any knowledge beforehand is impossible. Without understanding the dependent arising you never dispel wrong view. This was mentioned by the Buddha himself. The knowledge of rise and fall (udayabbayañāṇa) will come later. Before this there are two kinds of other knowledge. These are the knowledge of mind and form and the knowledge of cause and effect. Without these knowledge you are practicing with wrong views. To give up wrong view should contemplate the mind; and for craving contemplate feeling. According to the commentary, wrong view is mostly ingrained in the mind. By observing one's own mind no need to find a place for practice.
緣起的延續
1960年11月15日
身體是緣起的延續
- 這具色身(body)是緣起法從六根門(six sense doors)延續而來的結果。
- 若你能夠覺知現象的生起,便能破除斷滅見(view of annihilation)。
- 若你觀察到現象的消逝,便能破除常見(view of permanence)。
- 當你明瞭果依因生的道理,便能消除斷滅見,洞察緣起法的真相。
正見的發展:生滅的觀察
生起與消逝的理解:
◦ 現象生起 依靠因緣,
◦ 現象滅去 也依賴因緣。
◦ 由此便能破除兩個極端:
▪ 常見(認為現象是永恆不變的),
▪ 斷滅見(認為現象毫無因果)。
正見帶來的結果:
◦ 明白生滅的現象後,錯誤的見解自然消失。
◦ 透過觀察無常(impermanence),你會認識到這是中道。
◦ 中道 便是八正道(Noble Eightfold Path)。
錯誤的見解與正確的語言
有人說:「它自然生起,也自然消失」,聽起來像是「非我」的本質,
◦ 但這句話若未涉及因緣,依然是帶有錯誤見解的語言(如斷滅見)。
正確的理解:
◦ 因緣生起,因緣消逝。
◦ 因生而果生,因滅而果滅,這樣便能破除常見與斷見。
這種見解,正是位於中道(middle way)之上,亦即八正道。
實修前的必要知識
沒有正確的知識基礎,修行便無法開始。
佛陀明確指出:
◦ 若不理解緣起法,便無法斷除邪見(wrong view)。
◦ 修行若伴隨著邪見,將無法達到正確的觀智。
次第的知識:
名色分別智(Knowledge of Mind and Form):
◦ 觀察「名法」(心)與「色法」(物質)的區別。
因果分別智(Knowledge of Cause and Effect):
◦ 瞭解現象的生起與滅去皆依賴因緣而發生。
生滅智(udayabbayañāṇa):
◦ 在名色與因果的基礎上,進一步觀察現象的生滅變化。
如何對治邪見與渴愛
對治邪見:
◦ 觀察自己的心(contemplate the mind):
▪ 邪見往往根深蒂固地存在於心中,
▪ 透過觀察自己的心念,便能逐步破除錯誤的見解。
對治渴愛:
◦ 觀察感受(feeling):
▪ 渴愛主要生起於對感受的執取,
▪ 觀照感受的無常,便能斷除渴愛。
禪師指出:
- 觀察自己的心 就能開始修行,無需尋找特定的修行場所。
結論:
身體與心識皆是緣起的延續, 觀察其生滅便能破除常見與斷見。
正確理解緣起法, 是修行的基礎。
修行應次第發展:
◦ 先分辨名色、觀察因果,
◦ 進一步觀察現象的生滅,培育觀智。
邪見與渴愛的對治方法:
◦ 觀察心念破除邪見,
◦ 觀察感受斷除渴愛。
透過正確的觀察與實修,逐步斷除錯誤見解,走上中道,最終抵達解脫的彼岸。
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Dependent Arising and Its Continuation
1960年11月15日
此身是由六根門所生起的相續。若知生起之法,則破壞滅見。若見諸法之滅,則破常固之見,知果報由因生起,則破壞滅見。若能了知依緣生滅之法,則邪見自然消滅。破除邪見之後,實踐時便能體悟其無常性。此即中道。中道即為聖道八支。正如優曇陀那所言:「自行而起,自行而滅」,看似無我性。但此為俗語,仍存有邪見(即無因)。若能破除邪見者,則知因滅果亦滅,因生果亦生。如此便能破除常、滅二見。由因生起,由因滅失,此即中道。未經先知而思惟是不可能的。若不了解緣起法,則永遠無法破除邪見。此乃佛陀親口所說。生滅智會後續而生。在此之前,尚有兩種其他智見,即心識智與因果智。若無此二智,則修行仍帶有邪見。欲捨棄邪見,應思惟心;欲斷除貪欲,應思惟受。據註解所述,邪見大多根深蒂固於心。觀察自心,無需另覓修行處所。
Whatever mind state arises it is the object of insight. Only need to follow by contemplation. Observe (1) with (2). This is the whole vipassanā. Every (1) arising and following with (2), then no craving and clinging can follow behind. (1) is anicca and (2) is vipassanā knowledge (ñāṇa). Contemplate every mind arise. You can’t know the bhavaṅga citta (life‐continuum) and also not necessary. (1) is the mind arising, (2) is the observing mind. (U Tun Yin, a disciple, asked Sayadaw "Is it necessary to find a quiet place for practice?")(Sayadaw answered that it was alright if he could not control his mind.) Practicing vipassanā can be contemplated anywhere. Some were doing their jobs and achieved realization. If you delay your practice and death come earlier will be difficult. As an example, the two samatha teachers of the Bodhisatta died a little earlier that missed the chances for enlightenment. (Sayadaw continued to explain how to contemplate impermanence.) For example, the mind of wanting to eat arises and when you contemplate it, you see that it's not there anymore. Don't take it as the concept of nothingness (abhava paññatti). Without the wanting to eat mind ceases, the observing mind can’t arise (Two cittas can’t arise together and one follows the other.). Vipassanā is to see the non‐existence. I'll explain it. People are saying as seeing impermanence. We know that a man can’t alive with two minds. Contemplate (1) with (2) and seeing that (1) is not there anymore. This is contemplating non‐existence. We know the earlier mind was not there is insight knowledge (vipassanā ñāṇa). (U Tun Yin said to Sayadaw that it was not clear to him.) Now, you are alive with this arising mind moment. As an example, you are alive with the wanting to eat mind. The Buddha asked to observe the arising mind. When you observe: "Is it still there?" Vipassanā means contemplate the non‐existence, non‐existence of the first mind. But don't take it as a concept. Originally, not exist is the concept of nothingness (abhava paññatti). Asking you to contemplate the non‐existence is true. If you contemplate the existence, then it becomes permanence. A man should be alive with each arising mind, not with the passing away mind and impossible nature. When the observing mind comes in and you see the non‐existence (of the arising mind). Vipassanā means to observe the non‐existence. If you observe the existence, it becomes permanence (nicca). Vipassanā is to see the impermanent characteristics. This refinement is leading to Nibbāna element. If it is coarse you can’t see it. Is it contemplating the totally non‐existence or the non‐existence of the existence? It's to know the non‐existence of the existence. If I ask you to contemplate nothingness, then it becomes a concept. It's called tissari paññatti—half concept (i.e. the existence to non‐existence). By contemplating the existence to non‐existence then the concept of a person disappears. Commentary also explained in this way. (Sayadaw recited the Pali verse) Hutvā—after arising, abhāvattena—and not exist, aniccaṁ—is impermenent. (Hutvā abhāvattena aniccaṁ) (After arising and then not exist, it is impermanent). Therefore, observe the existence to non‐existence. Observe oneself dies and oneself does not exist, or oneself dies and totally disappears. The higher insight knowledge also observes (1) with (2). If you don't know the Satipaṭṭhāna, then never mind. Can observe the (1) with (2) is enough.
內觀修行:觀照存在到不存在的生滅現象
心的現象:
任何心識(mind state)生起,皆是內觀(vipassanā)的所緣。
◦ (1)生起的心 是所觀察的對象;
◦ (2)觀察的心 是內觀智慧(vipassanā ñāṇa)。
內觀的整體修行方法:
◦ 每當(1)心生起,隨後以(2)觀照,
◦ 如此一來,渴愛(taṇhā)與執著(upādāna)便無法跟隨而起。
◦ (1) 是無常的現象(anicca),
◦ (2) 是內觀智慧(vipassanā ñāṇa)的覺知。
關鍵要點:
- 觀照每一剎那生起的心。
- 不需尋找靜處,隨時隨地皆可修習內觀。
- 若拖延修行,死神提早降臨,便會失去解脫的機會。
觀照無常:存在到不存在
心生起 → 觀照其滅去
◦ 例如:「想要吃東西」的心生起,
◦ 當你觀照它時,會發現它已經消失。
◦ 這不是觀照「虛無」(abhava paññatti,概念的無)——
而是觀察「原本存在」的心滅去了,稱為存在到不存在。
兩個心不能同時存在
◦ 當「想要吃東西」的心滅去後,觀察的心(observing mind)才會生起。
◦ 內觀的核心:
▪ 觀察心的生滅,覺知「前一個心已不存在」。
非觀照「虛無」,而是觀照「原存在到消失」
◦ 若觀照「完全不存在」,這是虛無的概念(abhava paññatti),是錯誤的觀念。
◦ 真正的內觀是:
▪ 存在的心 → 覺知其不存在,
▪ 這是觀照無常(anicca)。
修行的錯誤:觀察「存在」
◦ 若觀察心的「存在」而未觀察其消失,
◦ 則落入「常見」(nicca),誤認為現象是永恆不變的。
觀照的方法:觀存在到不存在
內觀的智慧是透過觀察:
◦ 「它生起了,現在不再存在。」
◦ 此種觀照是:
▪ 「存在 → 不存在」的體驗。
佛陀的教導:
《註釋》中提到:
◦ 「Hutvā abhāvattena aniccaṁ」
◦ Hutvā:「生起之後」,
◦ Abhāvattena:「滅去(不再存在)」,
◦ Aniccaṁ:「這便是無常。」
進一步的覺知:高階內觀智慧
- 高階的內觀智慧同樣是以(1)生起的心為所緣,
◦ 透過(2)觀察的心 覺知其消逝。
若對《四念住》(Satipaṭṭhāna)不熟悉,
◦ 只需持續觀照「生起的心 → 滅去的心」,即可進行內觀。
結論:內觀的精髓
觀照每一剎那生起的心,觀其存在到不存在,便是觀照無常(anicca)。
不要觀照「虛無」,而是觀察「原本存在的心已消失」。
內觀的結果:
◦ 生起的心不再被執取,渴愛與執著無法生起,
◦ 內觀智慧逐漸增長,最終引導至涅槃的寂靜境界。
「觀照存在到不存在」即是見法的關鍵,能摧毀常見與執取,通向解脫之道。
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觀照當下心念
無論何種心念生起,皆為觀照之對象。僅需以觀照隨之。以(2)觀照(1)。此即整個禪修。
每當(1)生起,隨之以(2)觀照,則貪著無從生起。(1)即無常,(2)即觀照智(ñāṇa)。觀照每一心念之生起。不必知曉「有餘識」(bhavaṅga citta),亦無必要。
(1)即生起心,(2)即觀照心。(優曇因曾問師父:「是否必須找一安靜處所修行?」)師父回答:「若無法控制心念,則隨處皆可修行。」禪修可在任何地方進行。有些人於工作時即已證悟。若延誤修行,一旦死亡來臨,將難以成就。例如,兩位波羅多尊者的禪定導師因過早離世,錯失了證悟的機會。
師父繼續解釋如何觀照無常。例如,當「想吃」的心念生起,以觀照隨之,便能見到此心念不再存在。不可將此視為「無有」(abhava paññatti)的概念。當「想吃」的心念停止,觀照心亦無法生起(兩心念無法同時生起,而是前者隨後者)。
禪修即見無。人們常言為見無常。我們知道,一個人無法以兩個心念同時存活。以(2)觀照(1),並見(1)不再存在。此即觀照無。我們知曉先前的心念不再存在,此為觀照智(vipassanā ñāṇa)。
優曇因對師父說,此點仍不明確。現在,你以當下生起的心念存活。例如,你以「想吃」的心念存活。佛陀教導我們觀照生起心。當你觀照:「此心念是否仍存在?」禪修即觀照無,觀照第一個心念之無。但不可將此視為一個概念。
原本,「不存」即為「無有」(abhava paññatti)的概念。要你觀照無,是真實的。若觀照有,則成為常。人應以每個生起心念存活,而非以滅去的心念或不可能的性質存活。當觀照心生起,並見生起心之無,此即禪修。禪修即觀照無。若觀照有,則成為常(nicca)。
禪修即見無常之特性。此精細之觀照引導至涅槃之要素。若粗略,則無法見之。是觀照全然之無,抑或有之無?是知有之無。若要你觀照無,則成為一個概念。此稱為tissari paññatti——半概念(即從有至無)。以觀照從有至無,則人之概念消失。註解亦如此解釋。(師父誦讀巴利經文)Hutvā—生起後,abhāvattena—而不存在,aniccaṁ—即無常。(Hutvā abhāvattena aniccaṁ)(生起後而不存在,即無常。)
因此,觀照從有至無。觀照自我死亡,自我不存在,或自我死亡,全然消失。更高之觀照智亦以(2)觀照(1)。若不知四念處,則無妨。以(2)觀照(1)足矣。
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The meaning of tissari paññatti is the contemplation of the non‐existence dhamma. Contemplate the non‐existence of the arising dhamma (Tissari—That arising dhamma; Paññatti—of non‐existence). It's arising and passing away. It's called udayabbaya ñāṇa. The meaning of can’t alive with 2-minds is after arises has to pass away. At first I said contemplate (1) with (2). After you understand it, I have to say again to contemplate the non‐existence of (1) with (2). People are talking about 10‐insight knowledge or 16-insight knowledge. But in the end all are contemplating (1) with (2). To become a Buddha was between feeling and craving. Don't let craving come in. The Buddha was arisen not in India. It was the concept Buddha. The real paramattha Buddha was between feeling and craving. The Path (magga) is cutting actions (kamma). The Path of Stream Entry (sotāpatti magga) is cutting all the kammas to painful rebirths (dugati bhava). Therefore, the Buddha delivered on the 4-types of kamma in The Kukkuravatika Sutta. Neither black nor white kammas are from all the insight knowledge to Path Knowledge. (See MN 57: Kukkuravatika (or Kukkuravatiya) Sutta, Majjhima Nikāya.)
Tissari Paññatti 的意義:觀照「生起法的不存在」
Tissari Paññatti 的定義
- Tissari:「那個生起的法」(the arising dhamma)。
- Paññatti:「它的不存在」(non-existence)。
- 意即:觀照生起法的消失,即「生起」之後便「不存在」的本質。
如何觀照?
覺知(1)生起的法,
以(2)觀察的心,觀察到其「消失」與「不存在」。
◦ 這便是「生滅智」(udayabbaya ñāṇa),即洞察現象的「生起」與「滅去」。
兩個心不能同時存在
「不能同時存在兩個心」, 意味著:
◦ 當一個心生起後,必須滅去,下一個心才能生起。
◦ 修行的關鍵便是覺察這種生滅:
▪ 當下生起的心 → 覺知它的「滅去」與「不存在」。
禪師的指導:
最初,我說要觀照(1)生起的心 以(2)觀察的心觀照它。
當你理解這一點後,進一步的修行便是:
◦ 觀照(1)的不存在 以(2)觀察的心來體驗。
觀照的本質:簡化所有的內觀智慧
人們常談論10種內觀智或16種內觀智,
◦ 然而,這些內觀智慧的核心全都是:
▪ 觀照生起的法(1)以觀察的心(2),
▪ 覺知它的「消失」與「不存在」。
佛陀的證悟:斷除「受與渴愛之間」的渴愛
佛陀的證悟關鍵不在印度,也非概念上的佛陀(paññatti Buddha)。
真正的究竟佛陀(paramattha Buddha),是發生在感受(feeling,vedanā) 與渴愛(craving,taṇhā)之間的時刻。
◦ 修行關鍵:不要讓渴愛介入感受之後。
這點顯示:
- 內觀的實踐便是覺知生起的感受,
- 同時觀照其「滅去」與「不存在」,阻斷渴愛的生起,
- 這就是中道的智慧,也是通向解脫的關鍵。
道智:斷除業行
「道智」(Path Knowledge,magga) 的作用是:
◦ 斷除一切業行(kamma), 即不再造作新的輪迴因。
初果道智(Sotāpatti Magga):
◦ 斷除導致苦趣(dugati bhava)的所有業(黑業、痛苦之業)。
佛陀對業的分類:四種業
在《狗行者經》(Kukkuravatika Sutta,MN 57)中,佛陀開示了四種業:
黑業(kamma):導致苦趣的惡行。
白業:導致善趣的善行。
黑白業:混合的業行,既有善又有惡。
非黑非白業:透過內觀智慧至道智,
▪ 斷除一切造作,滅盡業行,邁向涅槃。
結論:觀照「存在到不存在」
修行的核心:
◦ 觀照當下生起的法,體驗它的「消失」與「不存在」。
◦ 這是生滅智(udayabbaya ñāṇa)的開發,亦是內觀的精髓。
阻斷渴愛的關鍵:
◦ 覺察感受的生滅,
◦ 不讓渴愛介入其中,便能斷除輪迴的因。
道智的成就:
◦ 內觀智慧發展至道智,能斷除一切業行,
◦ 由此滅盡苦因,抵達涅槃的究竟平靜。
「觀照存在到不存在」是內觀修行的核心,
洞察生滅的真相,斷除渴愛與執著,
最終實現解脫,成就究竟的平靜涅槃。」
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觀照無有法
tissari paññatti 的意思是觀照無有法。觀照生起法之無有(Tissari—此生起法;Paññatti—無有)。此即生起滅去。稱為udayabbaya ñāṇa。
「無法以兩個心念同時存活」的意思是,生起之後必定滅去。起初,我說以(2)觀照(1)。當你理解之後,我必須再次強調,以(2)觀照(1)之無有。人們常談論十智或十六智,但終究皆是觀照(1)與(2)。
成佛之關鍵在於感受與貪欲之間。不可讓貪欲介入。佛陀並非生於印度,而是概念上的佛陀。真實的究竟佛陀存在於感受與貪欲之間。道(magga)即斷除行為(kamma)。初果道(sotāpatti magga)即斷除一切導致痛苦輪迴(dugati bhava)之行為。因此,佛陀在《狗吠經》中闡述了四種行為。無論黑業或白業,皆源於一切智見至道智。(參見《中部經》57:狗吠經)
更新:西元 2025-01-15
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