尊者 阿締佳嵐溪長老開示錄
Eighteen Days in Solitude
– Instructional Dhamma Talks in Retreat
By Venerable U Ādiccaramsī
尊者 鄔達摩長老Bhikkhu Uttamo
自緬甸語錄音帶譯為 英文
第 7 天 (參考用譯文)
特別聲明:本參考用譯文疏漏、錯繆難免,讀者應慎思明辨。僅供法友參考;並祈藉此拋磚引玉,眾法友能共襄盛舉,共同圓滿此譯事。 Nanda 謹識。
目次
第七天:2002年10月23日 5
一、戒清淨(sīla-visuddhi)與心清淨(citta-visuddhi)的區別: 6
五、破除疑惑之清淨(kaṅkhāvitaraṇa-visuddhi) 8
八、相遇皆有因緣 10
九、**反向觀緣起(paṭiloma paṭiccasamuppāda)**的重要性: 11
第七天:2002年10月23日 12
It needs to know one’s level of knowledge during the practice. There are the stages of purification. You are undertaking the eight precepts that during the practice not breaking the precepts (sīla). But if you go back home it may be. If you break your resolution is not breaking the sīla but with the purity of the mind.
For the second point of the purification, you have to purify the mind. What are the differences between sīla and purified mind? With sīla you can only purify the bodily actions and speech, but not for the mind. Purified mind is the outcome of Samādhi practice. Making the mind calm down at the entrance of the nostrils is samatha practice. It’s stopping greed, hatred, delusion, conceit, wrong view, etc. to enter the mind. Also, you have to purify the mind from wrong views – diṭṭhivisuddhi. You'll not attain path and fruit if the mind is not pure.
The main wrong views are three kinds; i.e., identity view (sakkāya diṭṭhi), view of eternalism (sassata diṭṭhi) and view of annihilationism (ucchedadiṭṭhi). There are no person and being, no man and woman and only the five aggregates (khandhas) exist. Only mind and form exist. I am not forcing you to see it, but to know the reality. By viewing as after death everything cut off is ucchedadiṭṭhi. This is viewing by materialist and communist, the view of extermination. And taking next life as stable and not changing is view of eternalism. This is the view of after death, the soul or self takes another new body. (It’s like taken off the old clothe and change a new one. Even some monks are thinking in this way.) There is not such kinds of view in Buddhism. You must see it as with the causes and the result arises.
There is nothing such as dying from this life and going into a new body. It’s only the result of action arises (vipāka). It makes rebirth consciousness arises. It’s not the mind and body of this life goes to next life. With volitional conditioning and rebirth consciousness arises. For example, the sound and images broadcast by the T.V station don’t come to this side (into a television). From this side is only receiving its energy. In the same way, the dying person not comes to that side. This is the Hindu Doctrine. (It’s not the same nor different person, only cause and effect relationship. No soul or self is wandering around.) In Buddhism there’s no existence of soul. After death, it’s not annihilated nor stable, only the continuations of causes and effects process.
Kammic result has four kinds.
[(Sayadaw mentioned the result of kamma according to the seven minds moments – javana citta (cognitive process of the mind) in the Abhidhamma.
The first of the seven mind moments can give the result in this life. It’s called diṭṭhadhamma vedanīya kamma.
The seventh mind moment can give the result in next life – upapajja vedanīya kamma.
The second to sixth of the five mind moments can give results at any life time.
The fourth kind of kamma is fruitless kamma – ahosikamma.]
The fourth purification is overcoming doubt – kaṅkhāvitaraṇa-visuddhi. This is overcome by understanding of cause and effect, i.e., seeing the Dependent Arising process. In the process of mind and matter arise; sometimes mind is the cause and matter is the result, sometimes matter is the cause and mind is the result. These are happening in the khandha and to know them with the practice. For wanting to breathe in, mind made air element arises (cittaja vāyodhātu). For wanting to breathe out that mind made air element arises. Wanting to breathe in and out are the causes and the breaths come in and out are the results. You must contemplate the causes and effects; no need to think about them. You can’t follow them in time if you’re thinking. It is enough if you know them.
You know that with the mind of wanting to breathe in and the air arises if you’re watching it with sati. You can try it out by yourself. During the time of eating foods; with the mind of wanting to eat, to take, etc., that eating, taking, etc., arise and can contemplate them. If you can contemplate, then the mind wants to enjoy the taste not arises. And then feeling (vedanā) and craving (taṇhā) not arise. And without samudaya (i.e., taṇhā) and dukkha not arise. Samudaya is the cause and dukkha is the result. In the whole loka (world) nothing is free from causes and effects (except Nibbāna element). It’s only that we don’t know about them.
The grasses are growing. There must have their causes. All happen with their causes. Look at the chair. With the mind of wanting to sit that the chair comes into being. Everything of necessities is the causes. There are a lot of causes for mind and matter. At walking meditation, first, stand with two feet side by side. In standing with the left foot; wanting to lift the foot and it lifts up. The foot does not step forwards without the mind of wanting to step. Here no need to include mind and matter. Only observe the cause and effect. Because of the mind and the air element moves. And then the yogi will know the connection of mind and matter.
(Continued to talk about Sāriputta’s meeting with Ven. Assaji who said a few words to him. It was cause and effect, and Sāriputta entered the stream.)
Whatever result arises and there are causes. With only these words of short instruction, Sāriputta became a sotāpanna. After hearing of what Ven. Assaji told him and turned his mind in the khandha. Even here we practice for 18 days is not easy. But Sāriputta had sharp knowledge and discerned the whole world (loka). There are past causes why I meet you all here. A teacher has his own followers and disciples. Someone could be liberated by Ven. Sāriputta, instead not by the Buddha. This was also cause and effect connection. In the world there are a lot of men and women. Only this man and this woman marry to each other because they have past causes with them.
(Here he talked about the law of kamma, mentioned a story of a man who was the brother-in-law of a professor in Physics. This man’s father was very rich, so he inherited a lot of money. But later he spent all his money and became a beggar and died on a resting place near the road side.)
Someone past kamma is not good but he can make fortune with his present kamma. So, it’s important to understand about kamma. (Continued to explain cause and effect by using the 12 links of DEPENDENT ARISING process in reverse order – paṭiloma.) If you understand the cause and effect relationship and it’s the purification of overcoming doubt. Without repaying the kammic debts no one free from Saṁsāra. Even the Buddha had repaid for it. Therefore Saṁsāra is frightening. (Told the story of Ven. Mahā-Moggallāna murdered by the bandits because of the past kamma of killing his own parents.)
在修行中,我們要懂得辨識自己當下的修行階段與智慧層次。
這涉及到「清淨的次第(visuddhi)」。
你們現在持守八戒(aṭṭhasīla),在禪修期間不會破戒,
但若回到家中,也許會破戒。
即使破的是決心(adhiṭṭhāna),那也不是犯戒,
但卻會影響「心的清淨」。
持戒,僅能淨化身業與語業;
心清淨,則是透過定(samādhi)修習而成。
比如觀鼻端呼吸、令心安住的修行,是屬於止禪。
這能阻止貪、瞋、癡、我慢與邪見等煩惱侵入心中。
但更深層的清淨,是破除邪見(diṭṭhi-visuddhi)。
薩迦耶見(sakkāya-diṭṭhi):將五蘊執取為「我」
常見(sassata-diṭṭhi):認為死後靈魂永存、轉生不變
斷見(uccheda-diṭṭhi):認為死後一切斷滅、無後續生命
佛法中無所謂「有一個人、我、他、男人、女人」等概念,
**只有五蘊(khandha)的運作,只有名與色(nāma-rūpa)**存在。
我不是要你強迫相信這些,
而是希望你藉由觀察而如實知見這一切。
斷見(uccheda):認為死亡後一切都斷滅——這是唯物論或某些共產主義者的觀點;
常見(sassata):認為有靈魂換一具新身體,如換衣服一般——這是婆羅門教、印度教、乃至某些佛教徒的誤解。
佛教中並不認可靈魂從此世進入來世,
而是承認「業生果」,即:
「因造作(kamma),而有結果生起(vipāka)。」
這就像電視畫面不是從電視台「移過來」的,
而是透過頻率接收其能量訊號。
同理,死亡者的「我」並未進入來世的身體。
這不是某個人的遷移,
而是條件成熟時的結果生起。
現報業(diṭṭhadhamma-vedanīya-kamma):第一心速行,可於今生受報
生報業(upapajja-vedanīya-kamma):第七心速行,可於來生受報
不定報業:第二至第六心速行,可於任何時機受報
無效業(ahosi-kamma):造作後無機會成熟之業
這需透過觀察因果關係來完成。
亦即:
名為因、色為果;
色為因、名為果。
觀呼吸即可證明:
想要吸氣的念頭 → 引發風界生起 → 空氣進入
想要呼氣的念頭 → 再引發風界 → 空氣排出
所以:
想要呼吸 = 因,
呼吸的動作 = 果。
你不需要分析,只要以正念觀察即可體會因果。
思考反而會讓你跟不上現象的生起。
例子:
吃飯時,想要吃(名)→ 拿起食物、放入口中(色)
若能觀察此因果,就不會生起貪愛,
沒有 vedanā → 無 taṇhā
無 taṇhā(集諦)→ 無 dukkha(苦諦)
整個宇宙中,除了涅槃外,
一切現象都在因果法則下生滅。
草長花開、椅子誕生,
都源於某個「想要……」的念頭作為因。
站立時:
想舉腳
→ 腳才會抬起;
想跨步
→ 腳才會往前;
想放下
→ 腳才會落地。
不需刻意區分名與色,
只要觀察「因(欲行心)
→ 果(動作)」即可。
如此即可體會「名色相依」,破除懷疑。
佛陀弟子阿濕祇尊者僅以簡單一句法語:
「諸法因緣生,諸法因緣滅。」
就讓舍利弗開悟為入流者(sotāpanna)。
而我們今天禪修十八日尚未見法,
這也顯示舍利弗是銳慧者(ti-paññā),
能立即洞見全世界的因果法則。
你我相遇,不是偶然,
導師與弟子之間,也有業緣關係。
譬如:
有些人不能由佛陀導向解脫,卻能由舍利弗導引成就。
成千上萬的人中,唯有某一對男女結為夫婦,也因前生因緣。
他還舉了一個例子:
一位教授的姊夫,家境富裕但不懂節制,
最終揮霍無度,淪為乞丐,死於路邊——這是業報所致。
透過逆觀十二因緣——從「老死」回溯至「無明」,
可見:
「若無貪愛(taṇhā)→ 則無苦(dukkha)」
從這樣的因果觀出發,
可獲得「破疑清淨(kaṅkhāvitaraṇa-visuddhi)」。
沒有人能不償還業債而離開輪迴(Saṁsāra)。
即使佛陀也不例外。
即便是神通第一的尊者大目犍連,
也因過去殺父母的重罪,
在今生成就阿羅漢後,仍遭強盜殘害而死。
這讓我們警醒:
輪迴,是極為可怖的。
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
修行中需要了解自己的智慧水平。存在著清淨的階段。你們受持八戒,在修行期間不破戒(sīla)。但是回家後可能會破戒。如果違背你的決心,那不是破戒,而是心的不清淨。
對於第二個清淨的要點,你必須淨化心。戒律和清淨的心之間有什麼區別?通過戒律,你只能淨化身和語的行為,但不能淨化心。清淨的心是定力修行的結果。使心在鼻孔入口處平靜下來是止禪的修行。它是阻止貪、瞋、癡、慢、邪見等進入內心。此外,你還必須淨化心裡的邪見——見清淨(diṭṭhivisuddhi)。如果心不清淨,你將無法證得道與果。
主要的邪見有三種:有身見(sakkāya diṭṭhi)、常見(sassata diṭṭhi)和斷見(ucchedadiṭṭhi)。沒有人與眾生,沒有男人和女人,只有五蘊存在。只有名和色存在。我不是強迫你去看,而是要你知道實相。認為死後一切都斷滅是斷見(ucchedadiṭṭhi)。這是唯物主義者和共產主義者的觀點,是斷滅的觀點。認為來世是穩定不變的是常見(sassata diṭṭhi)。這是認為死後靈魂或自我會進入一個新的身體的觀點。(就像脫掉舊衣服換上新衣服一樣。甚至有些僧侶也是這樣想的。)佛教中沒有這種觀點。你必須將其視為因果生起。
沒有所謂從今生死去然後進入一個新的身體這樣的事情。這只是行為的結果生起(vipāka)。它使結生識生起。不是今生的身心去到來世。由於意願的造作,結生識生起。例如,電視台廣播的聲音和圖像不會來到這邊(進入電視機)。這邊只是接收它的能量。同樣地,臨死之人也不會來到那邊。這是印度教的教義。(不是同一個人也不是不同的人,只是因果關係。沒有靈魂或自我四處遊蕩。)佛教中沒有靈魂的存在。死後,它既不是斷滅也不是恆常,只是因果過程的延續。
業的結果有四種。
[(尊者根據阿毗達摩中的七個心識剎那——速行心(javana citta,心的認知過程)提到了業的結果。七個心識剎那中的第一個可以在今生給予結果,稱為順現受業(diṭṭhadhamma vedanīya kamma)。第七個心識剎那可以在來生給予結果——順次受業(upapajja vedanīya kamma)。第二到第六的五個心識剎那可以在任何一生中給予結果。第四種業是無效業——ahosikamma。)]
第四個清淨是度疑清淨(kaṅkhāvitaraṇa-visuddhi)。這是通過理解因果關係,即看到緣起的過程來克服的。在名色生起的過程中;有時心是因,色是果;有時色是因,心是果。這些都發生在五蘊中,要通過修行來了解它們。對於想要吸氣,心使風大生起(cittaja vāyodhātu)。對於想要呼氣,那個心使風大生起。想要吸氣和呼氣是因,氣息進出是果。你必須觀照因果;不需要思考它們。如果你思考,就無法及時跟上。只要你知道它們就夠了。
你知道,如果你正念地觀察,想要吸氣的心和氣息的生起是同時發生的。你可以自己嘗試一下。在吃飯的時候;想要吃、想要拿等等的心,使吃、拿等等生起,並且可以觀照它們。如果你能觀照,那麼想要享受味道的心就不會生起。然後感受(vedanā)和渴愛(taṇhā)也不會生起。沒有集(samudaya,即渴愛),苦(dukkha)也不會生起。集是因,苦是果。在整個世間(loka)中,沒有什麼能脫離因果(除了涅槃界)。只是我們不知道它們。
草在生長。它們一定有它們的原因。一切都隨著它們的原因而發生。看看椅子。由於想要坐的心,椅子才得以存在。一切必需品都是原因。名色有很多原因。在經行時,首先,雙腳並排站立。在左腳站立時;想要抬起腳,它就抬起來了。如果沒有想要邁步的心,腳就不會向前邁步。這裡不需要包括名和色。只需觀察因果。由於心,風大才會移動。然後瑜伽行者就會知道名色的聯繫。
(繼續談到舍利弗尊者與阿說示尊者的會面,阿說示尊者對他說了幾句話。那是因果,舍利弗尊者因此證入初果。)
無論什麼結果生起,都有其原因。僅憑這些簡短的教導,舍利弗尊者就成為了須陀洹。聽聞阿說示尊者所說的話後,他將心轉向五蘊。即使我們在這裡修行 18 天也不容易。但是舍利弗尊者具有敏銳的智慧,洞察了整個世間(loka)。我今天在這裡與你們相遇,也有過去的原因。一位老師有他自己的追隨者和弟子。有些人可能被舍利弗尊者所度化,而不是佛陀。這也是因果關係。世間有很多男人和女人。只有這個男人和這個女人結婚,因為他們之間有過去的因緣。
(在這裡,他談到了業力法則,提到了一個關於一位物理學教授的姐夫的故事。這個人的父親非常富有,所以他繼承了很多錢。但是後來他花光了所有的錢,變成了一個乞丐,死在路邊的一個休息處。)
有些人的過去的業不好,但他可以通過現在的業來創造財富。所以,理解業非常重要。(繼續通過逆向解釋緣起的十二支——還滅緣起(paṭiloma)來解釋因果。)如果你理解因果關係,那就是克服疑惑的清淨。沒有償還業債,沒有人能從輪迴中解脫出來。甚至佛陀也償還了業債。因此,輪迴是可怕的。(講述了目犍連尊者被強盜殺害的故事,因為他過去殺害自己父母的業。)